New Page 1 One of the great enemies of rubber compounds is heat. Heat will cause chemical and physical degradation of vulcanized rubber as well as a considerable loss in its strength. A major source of heat generation in a tire is due to internal friction resulting from the viscoelastic deformation of the tire as it rolls along the road. Another source of heat generation in a tire is due to its contact friction with the road. Prediction of the temperature rise at different parts of the tire will help to detect the behavior of the tire as regards its strength and its failure. In the present work, initially the data required for the thermal analysis of the tire are determined which include:- the thermal conductivity of rubber compounds, the tire rolling resistance and its heat build-up rate. The thermomechanical analysis of a typical tire then follows based on the thermodynamics of an irriversible process. The mechanical dissipatives, Le. the hystersis losses are assummed to be the major source of heat in the mathematical formulation. A finite element code is developed for two-dimensional heat transfer analysis of the tire. The results obtained show that the highest temperature rise will occur on the carcass-tread interface in a tire specially at heavy loading and under high speed conditions.

This study investigates the temperature distribution across solar cells on the surface of a solar panel, specifically focusing on the effect of anti-reflective coating homogeneity. The research aims to analyze how temperature variations affect power output and performance ratio under high solar radiation and ambient temperature conditions in Baghdad, Iraq. Using a photovoltaic (PV) analyzer and a thermal imaging camera, the study measures the electrical characteristics and thermal distribution of an 80 Wp monocrystalline solar panel. The results reveal a significant decrease in performance ratio as solar cell temperatures rise, with values such as 88.7% at 35.5 W, 85.2% at 40.88 W, and 78.8% at 44.56 W. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining uniform anti-reflective coatings and effective heat dissipation to enhance solar panel efficiency. The study provides valuable insights for optimizing solar panel performance in high-temperature environments and suggests directions for future research on improving thermal management in photovoltaic systems.

In this study, the SI engine piston heat transfer is calculated applying three different models for the heat transfer modeling. In the first model, three approximate and constant temperatures are selected for piston, cylinder and cylinder head and determined the in-cylinder gas temperature, pressure and convection coefficients using two-zone combustion model. In the second model for each of the walls (piston, cylinder and cylinder head), the relevant heat transfer equations with two zone model solved considering three unknown temperature. In third model that is the most accurate method, 24 heat transfer equations coupled with the two zone model were solved simultaneously based on resistor-capacitor thermal network model. Eventually, the three model results compared to study their effect on the piston thermal behavior. It has been shown that using of resistor-capacitor model with less number of equations and consequently less time solution is an appropriate method for solving problems of engine heat transfer. The simulations were done by a MATLAB code and the results have been validated with the experimental data of the EF7.TC engine.

In this study, a comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model to examine the relationship between money supply and inflation and to address inconsistencies in previous research. The overall effect of money supply on inflation was estimated at 0/578, providing a broad measure of its impact. However, an assessment using a funnel plot and Egger's test revealed publication bias. To correct for this bias, the "trim and fill" method was applied, reducing the adjusted overall effect to 0/475. Additionally, meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed to investigate moderating variables. The results showed that the effect of money supply on inflation differs across fixed and floating exchange rate regimes, time periods before and after 2000, and between static and dynamic models. These findings contribute to a clearer understanding of the impact of monetary and economic policies on inflation and provide a foundation for future research.

Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC) are used as thermal protective for components operating at high temperature. These coatings normally have three layers of: ceramic top coat, thermally grown oxide and the bond coat layer. Due to the manufacturing process and the special structure of a TBC system, failure mechanisms of these coatings are affected by both thermal and mechanical loads introduced to the coated part. In this paper delaminations of TBC layers subjected to the cyclic thermal loads have been numerically and experimentally studied. A rectangular specimen made of Inconel 617 coated by air plasma spray (APS) method was loaded in a specific design test setup with capability of simultaneously applying a constant four point bending load and thermal cyclic loadings. The thermal cycles were carried out until the coating was spalled out. The temperature of the specimen surfaces was measured and recorded during the test. Finite elements modeling was also performed using ABAQUS to simulate the the experiment. A cohesive zone model was used to simulate the top coat delamination. Finally, using a trial and error approach on the cohesive properties, finite elements results have been adapted on the experimental results and interfacial cohesive properties have been estimated.

In the aerospace industry, the usage of sandwich panels in a variety of space structures such as satellites is increasing due to their excellent features like high strength-to-weight ratio, and thermal insulation. These structures are subjected to a variety of thermal loads depending on their working conditions, which cause them to expand or contract. Since these panels are connected simultaneously by twists, buckling is possible due to thermal loads. In this paper, the thermal buckling analysis of a CCCC Aluminum honeycomb core sandwich panel is performed under asymmetric thermal loading, using ABAQUS. The face sheets are attached to the core by adhesive. Thermal loading is assumed to be two heat fluxes of 70 watts and 20 watts, which are asymmetric, and face sheets radiate heat to their surroundings. The modeling results showed the panel does not buckle under the mentioned thermal loading. The critical buckling stress is 750 MPa and 400 MPa where the maximum thermal stress is 95 MPa and 37 MPa for vertical and horizontal edges respectively, which shows a significant difference of 8 to 11 times. The temperature distribution of the various points of the panel was also obtained by calculating the maximum temperature of 84 °C at the 70-watt heat flux location and the minimum temperature of 15.65 °C in the lower-left corner. The influence of various parameters like face sheets and core cell wall thickness on buckling occurrence is also discussed.